History and Memory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1502 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? MODULE C – History and Memory The Fiftieth Gate by Mark Baker suggests that a combination of history and memory is essential in making meaning, i. e. in shaping perceptions of the world around us. How does baker represent this combination to create meaning? History can be viewed as a sequential series of indisputable events, whereas memory is of such events that are highly subjective, and affect the way in which they are perceived. The link between history and memory and the way it shapes the world around us, is a component of past and present. We are shown this throughout the prescribed text, The Fiftieth Gate, where through bakers quest we see the past continually impacting on the present, as the memories of the past affect those who have endured it. This key concept is also represented in the Channel Seven documentary, ‘Zero Hour- Disaster at Chernobyl’ and ‘Anzac Day commemorative Issue’, released by the Bulletin, 26th April 2005. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History and Memory" essay for you Create order All three texts show the affects of history and memory that has subsequently altered perspective on life, â€Å"History begins with its memories†. Within the prescribed text, the composer, Mark Baker, conveys how history and memory help shape the way we perceive things in our own world. Bakers search for identity throughout the book adds depth to the meanings that are communicated to the responder. The audience understands that are the beginning of his journey, Baker is metaphorically in the dark about his parent’s identity, â€Å"it always begins in blackness, until the first light illuminates the hidden fragment of memory†. Baker discusses the dark and light nature of his parent’s memories and hoe these memories have affected him throughout his existence, â€Å"And I sing them to: sleep my dear parents but do not dream, tomorrow your children will shed your tears, tuck your memories in bed and say goodnight†. Through imagery, Baker represents how the Holocaust experience has helped shape himself, his family and its habits and traditions, â€Å"my grandfather, Leo, would sit in a corner of his living room in Melbourne, surrounded by imitation German furniture. † His parent’s memories are hidden, deep within them, a way of coping with the nightmares of the events that occurred, â€Å"I wish I could forget what I remember. † The distorted memories may be due to burdened minds, trying to live again, away rom the blackness of their early life. Whatever the reason may be, these lapses in memory posed a problem for Baker as he tries to immerse himself in his parents history, so that he too can reach an understanding of who he is, â€Å"I knew I has to wrap myself up in the details of her story, if only to immunize myself against the secret thing that lay there, threatening me beneath her bright clothes and lipstick†. Only then when Baker discovers who he is, and where he came from will he emerge into a â€Å"stream of light†. For the duration of Bakers quest for self validation, Baker has to deal with the historian and the son to bring his parents to â€Å"open the gate† and let the memories flood back. As the book develops, one can see the authors growing obsession with finding validation and truth to those memories, as his search for proof is fuelled with the desire to uncover who he is. To discover the integrity of his parent’s memories, Baker tries to fill in the shady memory gaps by savagely searching for the historical documentation to prove the memories, â€Å"18th December 1923 at 2pm†. His search for proof grows until his parents words are not enough, the process of verification brings him to shame, each memory needs a tacit approval of an archival record or corroborating story, â€Å"Details, details. Fecks, Fecks†. As the text progresses, Baker discovers a testimony of an SS soldier that justified his mothers account, â€Å"found something at last†¦ its really true! Through this exclamatory statement, the responder perceives the significance if history and memory and how historical evidence corresponds with individual memory â€Å"Its perspective I value†. The need for factual evidence and validation is also seen in the text, Zero Hour- Disaster at Chernobyl a channel seven documentary on the calamity which occurred on April 26th 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station. This event was a major historical incident which had vast implications after the day the disaster took place. The documentary depicts the history of that event and retells the story through reenactment and through the memories of those who have, and still are enduring it. Both history and memory are key in retelling a true representation of the event. The director, Richard Doyalson utilizes a variety of techniques to represent the integral interweaving of history and memory. Memory is represented by the recollections of those who survived the traumatic event, â€Å"the sight of my dead friends, their faces burnt by the radiation, amongst the rubble, I will never forget†. The description and expression of emotion assists in creating a third dimension of memory, as it adds emotion and personal experience. The responder is clearly aware that even though the disaster was years ago, the event still affects survivors, both physically and mentally, they cannot be free of what the saw, what they endured or what it did to them physically, â€Å"that night lives in my body and in my memory†. History is represented on many levels throughout the text. The responder is shown how the explosion of the reactor was the catalyst of the breakdown of the Soviet Union, Communism and the Cold War. This is conveyed by the video footage showing the historical evidence of these episodes. History is then depicted through the history of the Power Station and what went wrong in order for a catastrophe of this magnitude to happen. Documentation provides factual evidence and knowledge of why and how it happened, â€Å"when undertaking safety tests, reactor 4 cannot withstand less than 200†. The document may be accurate, but they lack emotion, the composer entwines historical documentation and information, â€Å"10 times the amount of nuclear fuel than Hiroshima† with historical photographs of affected children to change the tone of the text as it helps the audience to emotionally connect with those whose lives have changed forever, â€Å"I will never see my daughter grow up†. The Bulletins, Anzac Day Commemorative Issue honors the 90th Anniversary of Gallipoli. The Gallipoli campaign of 1915 ended in stalemate and humiliating withdrawal by Britain and its allies. The issue has various articles which depict different viewpoints through the collaboration of history and memory. That time in history was too forever shake the foundations of Australian culture and live in the memories of Australian society, past, present and future, â€Å"that’s why the Aussies and the Turks like each other – we made our futures in the same place†. The articles all provide historical evidence of the â€Å"fateful day on April 25th 1915†. This is done through historical information and the use of photographic verification. The photographs send a very dramatic, emotional tone to the reader as they can see and acknowledge the faces and the individuals of the troops at Gallopoli, and personalize the photographs by imagery of troops wearing Australian flag. For Australian readers this is bound to give a much more significant and astounding feeling. Throughout the text there are many allusions to places and dates, â€Å"On March 18th, the naval assault in the Dardanelle’s culminated in disaster. One third of the fleet was sunk or disabled with the loss of 700 men†. This piece of historical documentation is then juxtaposed by a photograph of the warship, again providing the responder to emotionally connect with the events that were endured by the troops. Memory is ubiquitous amongst the text. For a clear depiction and truthful account, the composer realizes that memory is essential for establishing both truth and meaning. Memory is key in portraying the affect that the war had on those who lived through it, â€Å"if they had and Australian in charge, we may have won, I may have come home earlier, to you†. The article provides a place of awareness, not merely of factual truth, but the truth of one’s own perceptions and significance in the collective perceptions of others. The significance of the interweaving history and memory state how troops lived with their memories and as Australians, we have built more from their lives than their experience and memories would suggest possible for them, â€Å"I don’t know what my daughter will make of the place and its story. But I think those rows of headstones scattered across the peninsula will grasp at her heart†. Memory lives within history binding the creator to their social preconditions; it shapes and constructs, dictates their function and demands their superiority. The two cannot be separated, memory binds interpretation. The strength of history lies in its reception through personal nature of communication and demands that we select which is pertinent to our own experience. This concept is manifested through the integration of history and memory within the texts discussed.

The Gender Roles - 1630 Words

In every religion, culture and country there are many different roles for each gender. From the day we are born, we are led and pushed towards what the normal female or male does on a daily life. Gender roles have always existed even before history was written. The roles in gender is always going to shift whether the female has more power than the male. Though in many ancient societies men have been more dominant then the female. Gender roles are not defined, but are impressed upon us by family, and the culture in which we are raised in. Gender roles is understood as execution of certain social prescriptions, corresponding behavior to a certain gender expressed by clothes, speech, gestures, etc. The values to change over time might be cause by creativity. Some believe gender is a social construction, but it has a biological basis. The ultimate expression of gender roles in society revolves around childs meaning, marriage, and family. It is in this realm that gender most frequently be comes political. For example, as babies, being a baby girl may determine how you are dressed, what toys you should be playing with or expected to be given, and the visions your parents have for your future. Also in cultures, some fathers would want their daughters to get married or as for his son, he’d want him to go to college and become a doctor. For years women, have been coming out and challenging their gender roles placed on them by society in both America and the Middle East. There is a bigShow MoreRelatedGender Roles And Gender Role844 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles can be defined as roles society expects people to play on account of their sex life. Like all roles, gender roles are made up of sets of expectations, so they can be thought of as sets of expirations, so they can be thought of as sets of expectation that are attached to sex.(pp: 220 John E. Farley Michael W. Flota). The key word gender role affects me personally because as recent graduate of high school it’s time for me to go into the real world, of working class gender role of theRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role Essay784 Words   |  4 Pagessession, I will discuss the gender roles in my family. The definition of gender role is the degree to which a person adopts the gender-specific behaviors ascribed by his or her culture (Matsumoto, D. R., Juang 2013, 156). For example, traditional gender roles recommend that males are aggressive, angry, and unemotional. It goes further and explains that the male should leave the home every day to make a living and be the main wage earner. The traditional gender role for the female purpose is toRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role1370 Words   |  6 PagesEach gender will have different ways they should live their life in order to stay within their gender role. Some will meet the expectations and other will not. That does not make them look le ss of their gender, they will just be expected to meet them. Over the years, some gender roles have submerged and others have risen above. They will be able to show how the gender roles are supposed to be in jobs, education, and marriage and also how they can benefit from stepping out of the gender roles. GrowingRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesOF SUBMISSION Gender roles Introduction Gender is set of characteristics that may be used to differentiate between female and male through the use of one’s gender or through gender identity therefore. Gender role can be considered as the hypothetical construct in humanities and in many social sciences referring to a set of behavioral and social norms which in a particular culture may be largely regarded to be socially appropriate for individuals of a particular sex, gender roles vary from variousRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1437 Words   |  6 Pages Gender roles play an important role in society whether it is for good or for bad. These roles have been placed in society since the beginning of time. The term gender is socially created and it therefore categorizes men from women. How is gender defined, and what makes it different from the term sex? â€Å"†¦sex refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish women and men: sex chromosomes, reproductive organs, sex-specific hormones, and physical characteristics†¦Gender†¦ refers to the socialRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles844 Words   |  4 PagesSociety has institutionalized gender role s since the beginning of time, a common one is that women are the nurturers and housekeepers, while men are the breadwinners of household. In spite of centuries, and fighting for women s rights, such as the right to vote in the late 1920s. Women still have roles to fulfill, even in a modern society that is dominated by a virtual world. Gender identification has multiplied from that of men and women, to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ)Read MoreGender Roles : Gender And Gender1587 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween gender and sex. Sex is anatomical and biological. Gender role can be defined as a person’s inner sense of how a male or female should feel and behave. Culture and society are two important factors in relation to this particular topic. This implies that various societies and cultures may produce children and later fully grown men and women who may have diverse perspectives of a man or a woman’s place or role in the world around them; this is oft en determined by their culture’s gender stereotypesRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1110 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve gender is only based on being male or female. People believe gender is based on the physical and biological differences between women and men. Over the last few years, the term gender has changed. When some people believe gender is being male or female. Most people associate gender with gender roles and how people are supposed to function or perform based on society’s expectations. In other words, people believe males and females have to behave according to their gender or gender roles to beRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles863 Words   |  4 PagesGender can sometimes be seen as biological characteristics humans have, when in fact it is the social characteristic ones society deems either masculine or feminine. Sex, on the other hand, is the biological differences in humans, for example, hormones and sex organs. People usually play gender roles in society, otherwise known as gender ideology. Gender ideology is when men and women have certain attitudes regarding their ‘fixed’ roles, responsibilities and rights. Throughout history men and womenRead MoreGender Roles : Gender Role Play Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesGender role play is the concept of young children partaking in a form of play that already sets them within a specific gender role, for example, a girl pretending to be a mother or a girl partaking in a â€Å"pink-collar† job such as nursing, teaching etc. This form of play can be seen within make-believe play. Though this topic can be tricky to study, due to the fact children in general can be tricky to observe, it is incredibly relevant due to the fact play in general has a huge effect on children

Lying in Relationships free essay sample

A lie can be hurtful, stressful, unforgettable, and damaging. Whether it’s a â€Å"white lie† or just a straight up lie, the truth is always better to know. Lying in a relationship is the main way to ruin a relationship. Paul Thaler, the author of â€Å"The Lies That Bind,† believes that lying isn’t bad in a relationship. He sees the truth as being hurtful and less important, most lies as inconsequential, and lies as â€Å"a truer reflection of love than the truth.† I think lying is the worst thing we can do to each other as humans besides physical abuse. Lying hurts people emotionally and can become addicting, and the truth will eventually always come out. Lying to someone you care about can result in you losing that person from your life. Being lied to can’t only be hurtful, but it can also be frustrating. It hurts because it’s hard to cope with the fact that someone you trusted would lie to you. It’s frustrating because you believed that person was telling you the truth. The truth may hurt, but I guarantee majority of the population would rather know the truth. â€Å"Falling in love meant the building of trust, honesty, and openness-the coming together of two hearts, two minds,† Thaler stated When you are in love you should have those factors of trust, honesty, and openness. If you truly love someone you shouldn’t want to hurt them with a lie. Whether it is a big lie or a little â€Å"white lie.† I was with my ex-boyfriend for four years and through all those years he lied to me about having feelings towards other girls whenever I asked him. I found out that he had been cheating on me about a year ago, and there aren’t enough words to explain how stupid, hurt, and angry I felt. His reasoning for lying was â€Å"to not hurt me.’ Little did he know that knowing the truth would have saved me from the embarrassment I felt, and the rese ntment I feel towards him today. White lies may not be that serious, â€Å"White lies are defined as being unmalicious, or even helpful,† by Ronald B. Alder, Lawrence B. Rosenfeld, and Neil Towne in the article â€Å"White Lies,† but they can still stir up problems in relationships and create trust issues. Once you tell a lie and you see no consequence it’s hard to stop; especially for those who can keep a straight face and act perfectly fine while lying. If you are not being caught, and no one is being hurt you see no harm in telling a lie. Thaler tells us, â€Å"Most lies that I spin are inconsequential, simply intent on maintaining the day-to-day stability of my relationship.† I don’t understand how people can lie on a daily basis to their partner. If you have to lie to them, doesn’t that make you realize that maybe you shouldn’t be with them? When your partner asks you if you love them, if you have to even think about it then you obviously don’t, and you shouldn’t lie about it because love is a strong word. I personally would rather have someone not tell me that they love me if there not 100% positive. Girls tend to get really upset when they are lied to, cheated on, or broken up with because of the simple â€Å"but he told me he l oved me† line. The top 5 reasons for lying according to â€Å"White Lies† by Alder, Lawrence, and Towne are: to save face, avoid tension or conflict, guide social interaction, affecting interpersonal relationships, and to achieve personal power. All these reasons are selfish. It’s not fair to other’s to be lied to for you own personal sake. You may think you’re a good liar, or that you got away with telling a lie. The truth has a way of always coming out. When girls are determined to find out the truth, they don’t quit until they’ve discovered it. There are also vicious people in this world who like to see other’s suffer so they tell them the truth which they know will hurt them. For example, if my boyfriend cheats on me with some girl that doesn’t like me she will obviously want me to find out because she knows it will upset me. Thaler confesses that, â€Å"Had I been forced to confront the â€Å"true† feeling before, our relationship might not have survived, much less flourished.† Whether you’re lying to yourself or someone else it’s not healthy or fair. It can emotionally stress you out and drive you crazy if you’re living a lie. You can’t force yourself to have feelings for someone. Lying to someone about how you feel towards them is cruel , and lying yourself about your true feelings is only going to make your life complicated. Sooner or later you’re going to have to face the truth, and it’s going to be a lot harder. It may even be too late to fix a relationship that has been built upon lies. Before you tell a lie remember that there is a chance that the truth will eventually surface. Every time I think about a time where I was lied to I can’t help but get upset. I have wasted so many hours crying, being angry, and over analyzing about lies that I have been told. I would not wish anyone to be lied to, especially in a relationship because emotions should not be played with. There are times where lying could save a relationship, but chances are that sooner or later that lie will backfire. Telling the truth is hard, especially when you know that someone you love could be emotionally hurt by it. It makes you a stronger person if you are capable of telling the truth, and it helps you think about consequences before you do something. You are less likely to do something behind someone’s back if you automatically think about what their reaction will be when they find out, not â€Å"if† they find out. Live by the quote â€Å"treat others how you would want to be treated†. It’s never too late to start being honest.

Strategic Management Culture and Planning

Introduction The aim of this research is to critically evaluate two schools of thoughts of Strategic Management, culture and planning. The role of culture and planning has been increased in the productivity, developments and then perfection of the national as well as the multinational organisation in this globalization world. In this respect, this study will initially consider the origin and the basic principles of each of the school of thought.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Strategic Management: Culture and Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper will also present a critique of each school of thought, in addition with the example of an organisation that has either successfully or unsuccessfully pursued this cultural and planning observation. Origin of each SoT (Cultural and Planning Culture is the outcome of widespread knowledge and backgrounds that really drives the culture in its esse nce-are the wise, distributed, taken-for-granted assumptions on which persons groundwork their every day behaviour. Culture is the outcome of mutual knowledge and backgrounds. It works out one-by-one demeanour, collective demeanour, and the procedures of seeing, concern patterns and values (Zammunto and Krakower, 2001, 83-114.). The source of the formation of culture is a highly pragmatic, junction discovering method over time where a certain set about was taken to overwhelm a difficulty, to deal with a kind of connection or to fit into the organisation’s natural environment and the outcome was successful. There is a possibility that rapid advances could be implemented wrongly with incorrect credible sourcing. It had been observed and noted to happened previously. The bias should habitually be to outlook your culture as power, because it is a composite of the seen determinants to which past achievements are attributed. Culture builds up a specific society’s behaviour. Business organizations, like communal schemes need a very fast and productive connection scheme method in alignment to effectively come to their targets. In the Citigroup organisation, the enterprise culture is personal to the demeanour of each one-by-one employee (Jenkins and Collier, 2007, 1-7). The enterprise tends to â€Å"overemphasize interior determinants and underemphasize external causes†. According to the research by Quinn and Spreitzer (2001), Culture is the addition total of all the distributed, taken-for-granted, often subconscious assumptions that an assembly has wise all through its history. â€Å"Its evolution can be traced all the way back to the organisation’s initial â€Å"reason for being† or raison d’etre and the one-by-one culture of the founder† (Quinn Spreitzer 2001).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On th e other location the planning set about to management is as vintage as warfare, and it even has infantry origins. From the infantry origins as it was the foremost ground of the very vintage conflicts, strategic planning has habitually directed at the â€Å"big picture.† The aim is on outcomes or conclusions, other than goods or outputs. Strategic planning is less worried with how to accomplish conclusions than with characterising what those conclusions should be. Through the late 1950’s strategic planning’s aim moved away from organisational principle and structure (Ager, 2008, 58-214.) in the direction of the management of risk, commerce development, and market share. In the up to designated day world the strategic planning has became a benchmark management equipment in nearly every large-scale and numerous lesser businesses as well. The basic tenets of each SoT (Cultural and Planning) Basic tenets of Cultural school of thoughts Communication Communication in t he workplace is vital. It is the base for achievement in a cultural management organisation. Poor connection can be mortal to the achievement of a enterprise or organisation. â€Å"Good connection double-checks persons understand what is anticipated of them and double-checks coordination inside the organisation† (Bowling, 2007, 74-147) Communication inside the Citigroup organisation is productive most of the time. Anytime a change in principle is broadcast, a CIB (Change in business) newsletter is dispatched out to the management employees to broadcast with their teams. The employees are granted accelerate observe and taught on how the data should be broadcast to the customers (Schein, 109-119, 2000). DiversityAdvertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Strategic Management: Culture and Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Xenikou and Furnham (2006) suggested that varied assemblies are inclined to be more creative and present better on problem-solving jobs than homogeneous assemblies, but they furthermore emerge to have smaller grades of communal integration and higher revenue than homogeneous groups (Xenikou and Furnham, 2006). The Citigroup organisation accepts as factual that a varied work force best assists the concerns of the employees and the customers. They furthermore accept as factual employees from all backgrounds should accept as factual that possibilities for expert development and advancement are accessible in the work environment (Quinn and Spreitzer, 2001, 115-142.). Dress and Language Dress attire and look should habitually contemplate the largest benchmark of professionalism. The look of the employees performances a significant part in how the public perceives the company. In the Citigroup organisation, an enterprise casual dress has been adopted. Business casual dress entails apparel befitting for the office. It furthermore entails â€Å"dressing professional ly, looking calm yet tidy and dragged together† (Quinn and Spreitzer, 2001, 115-142.). Language is absolutely crucial to encouraging professionalism in an organisation. Language and culture are intimately intertwined as dialect is the vehicle through concepts and insights expressed. Some facets of a community’s culture are conveyed in the dialect they use. The Citigroup organisation focuses on sustaining an expert work natural environment and double-checking that their employees are sustaining a befitting likeness when talking to our ‘internal and external’ customers(Zammunto and Krakower, 2001, 83-114.). Basic tenets of planning school of thought As researched by Mintzbergm Ahlstrand in 2008, there are numerous distinct types of organisational planning tenets. The four rudimentary grades of goals are the objective, strategic, tactical, (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, 1998, 85-258) and the organisational goals. E. H Schein (2000) mentioned Contingency planning is an other absolutely crucial kind of planning (Schein, 2000). The first tenet is the strategic plan it evolves strategic goals. This universal plan summarise the established goals that contemplate effectiveness (appropriate outputs) and effectiveness (high ratios yields to inputs) (Schein, 109-119, 2000). Effective scheme is a convention of activities and asset shares conceived to accomplish organisational goals. Strategic designs have powerful external orientation these bosses are to blame for development.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second tenet is the tactical plan which is calculated to accomplish tactical goals to put into procedure components of the strategic plan. Such a claim had been proposed by the investigator Bowling in the year 2007. Nathan Bowling (2007) claimed that tactical designs are a set of activities for converting very broad strategic goals into exact goals. Tactical designs aim mainly on foremost activities than on in writing designs to fulfill strategic plans; in other phrases focusing on persons and action. Effective tactical planning engages both development and execution. The key players are middle-level managers comprising of the vice leader of operations (Bowling, 2007, 74-147). The third tenet is the operational plan which has a focal issue of bearing out the tactical designs to complete the operational goals. The managers having these names are supervisors or sales managers. Zammunto and Krakower (2001) mentioned that the functions of the front-line/lower-level managers are cruc ial to the planning method for some reasons. First, these managers are a precious source of interior data for other managers as designs are formulated and applied by being exactly engaged with non-management. Second, managers at the middle and frontline grades of numerous organizations generally execute the designs urbanized by the top-level managers (Zammunto and Krakower, 2001). The last tenet is the contingency plan which is furthermore renowned as the crises management. These designs are of alternate techniques of activity to be taken if an proposed plan is suddenly disturbed or rendered inappropriate. Contingency planning is evolving progressively significant for most organizations (Xenikou and Furnham, 2006, 349-371.). Dany Jacobs claimed in his research Mapping Strategic Diversity that Contingency planning is a helpful technique for assisting managers contend with doubt and change (Jacobs, 2010). Strategic tools SoT (Cultural and Planning) Cultural tools Cultural tools and te chnique are the main building blocks are deep-rooted and durable of an organisation. They stimulate behaviour and response to touch. â€Å"They underpin the very way people approach their work, make choices and decisions, and deal with each other† (Quinn and Spreitzer, 2001, p. 115-142). To setting an organisational culture, the managers and the management should learn the following tools to: Engage in a learning process to know about others as individuals to be able to work closely in strong and beneficial working partnerships. Identify the differences between individuals and develop an understanding of the diversity that may exist in the organization. Select individuals who are more sutiable to the organizational framework. Formulate teams and improve working within groups. Steer up commitment by encouraging individuals and motivating them to achieve the desired organisational goals (Ager, 2008, p. 58-214.) Witte and Muijen (2001) made a note that studies conducted by E. H. Schein in the year 2000, 1985 and 1993 indicated that the primary reason for an organisation’s lack of success is a neglect of their organisational culture (Witte Muijen, 2000). Planning tools There is a collection of strategic planning tools that could be used for developing effective strategic plans. These tools could be considered as mental approaches and procedures that could be applied to deal with a situation and plan the best strategy for dealing with the given task. Most of the strategic planning tools can be overliying, (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, 1998, 85-258) thus, if a setting up a strategic planning process is going on, no need to practice all of them, even most of them. Only those strategic planning tools must be used that are relevant to the company’s goal and the tools that can prove to be good for the organization. The tools of planning process are as the following: SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) PEST Analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis) Scenario Planning Competitive Analysis Goals Grid Supply Chain Analysis (or Supply Chain Strategic Planning) Focus Groups as Part of Strategic Planning STP (Situation – Target – Path Method or Model for Strategic Planning) Critique of each SoT(Cultural and Planning) Critique of Cultural Culture as an origin metaphor moves to the delineation of organisation and what it entails to be organized. The methodology is founded on widespread activities of employees and researchers. Insiders (employees) are compelled to articulate their rudimentary assumptions, and investigators understand verbal and non-verbal cues founded on the values/norms of the insiders. Having a powerful culture permits an organisation to function with their view on the future that should be sustained by well evolved and well broadcast convictions and values (Ager, 2008, 58-214.). Critique of Planning Strategic planning is a dynamic planning tool. Its practi tioners frequently consider and reassess ecological components and use evaluative data about the former year’s undertakings to modify the plan’s strategic goals and objectives. If utilised appropriately, it is an action-oriented, futuristic, and innovative management tool (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, 1998, 85-258). One should be aware; although, that strategic planning will have a result n diverse constituents of management functioning systems–such as making allowance for, organisational structure, staffing configurations, and staff evaluation. Example of organisations SoT(Cultural and Planning) Culture example Organisational culture is a key in the achievement or malfunction of organizations, as is apparent in up to designated day society. Although organizations disagree in power of culture and those with powerful, affirmative cultures are inclined to be the most effective and creative, powerful cultures can furthermore become contradictory and powerfully leverage an organisation in a contradictory way. Such is the case with the Enron Corporation, a one time huge power business that endured arguably the most horrific economic disintegrate in American history (Xenikou and Furnham, 2006, 349-371.). The Enron malfunction started with the development of a flawed business (organisational) culture, and was fulfilled by the unchanging reinforcement of that culture. From the peak down, Enron’s business culture damned the company’s achievements and double-checked it for eventual collapse The Enron case is a clear demonstration of how organisational culture can contrary sway a company. The vigilance that is paid to very careful development of organisational culture can be the keeping grace of a labouring business or the source of corruption in a hungry one. Enron failed to conceive a thriving business culture from the start there was not anything in its set of convictions and standards that accounted for clientele service, enterprise ethics , or integrity. It was in detail Enron’s malfunction to evolve the right business culture that directed to its collapse. Planning Example The demonstration is, not long before gas consuming vehicles was a family’s illusion car. Due to the financial downfall, the increase in petrol charges, and the ecological catastrophic consequences to the earth’s air fuel effective automobiles are actually the new tendency over the nation. CEO’s and Board of Director’s have evolved strategic designs in the development of a more economical and effective vehicle (Ager, 2008, 58-214.). Through the above analysis of two different schools of thought of strategic planning, we can conclude that the role of culture and planning had a greater impact on developmental process. It is imperative for multinational organizations undergo strategic planning with its roots associated with the role of culture and planning. In today’s globalizing world, it is recommended that multinational companies take the lead of planning for user and ecological friendly strategic management. Culture and planning go hand in hand that overall stresses the need of strategic management. 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American Psychologist vol. 45 pp. 109-119. Witte, K., Muijen, J. (2000). Organizational Culture. London: Psychology Press. Xenikou, A. and Furnham, A. (2006). A correlational and factor analytic study of four questionnaire measures of organisational culture. Human Relations vol. 49 pp. 349-371. Zammunto, R. and Krakower, J. (2001).Quantitative and qualitative studies of organisational cultures. Research in Organisational Change and Development vol. 5 pp. 83-114. This critical writing on Strategic Management: Culture and Planning was written and submitted by user Carlos Munoz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.